var arrayFacts = [ "Istanbul is the only city in the world located on two continents, Europe and Asia.

Its name was changed from Constantinople in 1453.", "Antarctica is the only continent that has no frogs.", "No one owns Antarctica.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1961 notes that a priority on the continent is international scientific cooperation, therefore, no nation should be recognized as its owner..", "Antarctica is the only continent that has no land areas that are below sea level.", "There are 38 mountain peaks in South America that are higher than Mt. McKinley, the highest point in North America.", "All continents except Antarctica are wider in the north than they are in the south.", "South America is the fourth largest continent.

In 1991, the estimated population was 299,150,000. The continent covers about .6,880,000 sq miles and is the southernmost of the two continents in the Western Hemisphere.", "Mount Aconcagua in Argentina, South America, is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere. It is 22,835 feet high.", "South America has an example of every climatic zone: tropical, rainy, desert, and high alpine.

Its vegetation varies accordingly.", "The Challenger Deep is the deepest point in the Pacific Ocean.

It is 35,802 feet deep and located off the coast of Guam in the Marianas Trench. This depth was recorded in 1960 by a manned U.S. Navy submersible, the Trieste.", "Lake Titicaca is the largest of the South America's lakes.

It is located on the border of Peru and Bolivia.", "There are between 15,000 and 40,000 species of fish in the ocean, but the most frequently cited figure is 25,000.

The discrepancy results from the fact that some species have not yet been named, and others have been only vaguely described. The Southern Hemisphere has the largest number of species because these waters are less exploited by human beings.", "The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic Ocean side of Canada, has highest tides in the world.

During different seasons, the difference between high and low tide may be as high as 53 feet. This is the equivalent of a three-story building.", "Sea foam is made of air bubbles separated by a film of liquid.

While the air bubbles in fresh water unite, air bubbles in salt water bounce off of each other. When they rise to the surface in the ocean, they burst and release salt spray into the air. Most airborne salt is thought to come from these bursting of bubbles.", "It is difficult to determine where the Gulf Stream begins or ends because it is part of a larger current system.

In general, its northeasterly flow can be charted from the Straits of Florida, at a speed of 3 to 4 knots. It increases in speed past the Chesapeake Bay because of the addition of waters from the Sargasso Sea. It then goes to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where it slows down again.", "Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon and sun on the water.

Because the moon is closest to Earth, it has the greatest effect on the tides. High tides occur on the sides of the Earth nearest to and farthest from the moon. During the moon's new and full moon phases, the moon, sun, and Earth are aligned which means a greater gravitational pull on the Earth and higher high tides and lower low tides.", "Waves have enormous kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion.

An average 4-foot, 10-second wave coming ashore puts out more than 35,000 horsepower per mile of coast. ", "The waters around the Earth's poles are the saltiest in the world because impurities like salt do not fit into ice's open molecular structure.

So, when the water freezes, salt 'falls out,' leaving saltier water behind as the fresh water freezes in polar ice sheets.", "The deep sea is too deep for light to penetrate, so plants, which need light to make their food, cannot live there.

Bacteria, however, can live at depths of 1500 to 3200 meters. These bacteria use hydrogen sulfide instead of sunlight to make their food. They get the hydrogen sulfide from deep sea hot water geysers that release this compound. Because of these tiny bacteria, it is possible for an entire community of animals to survive near these hot vents.", "Angel Inlet on the Lake of the Woods in Minnesota is the northernmost settlement in the United States, excluding Alaska.", "In the film, Key Largo, James Temple describes a 1935 hurricane that devastated Matacumbe Key.

It was one of the worst hurricanes in history and produced the lowest recorded barometric pressure ever recorded over land on the North American continent.", "Fossil evidence shows that the pecan tree and nut pre-date the first arrival of any human being on the North American Continent.", "Glacier National Park in Montana is called known as 'the crown jewel of the continent.'

It is located along the state's northern border, adjoining Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada where the world's first International Peace Park has been created.", "The rivers and streams of Montana provide water for three oceans and three of the North American continent's major river basins.", "Geographically, Greenland is considered to be part of the North American continent.

While the island had been governed by Denmark for centuries, home rule was granted by the Danish parliament in 1979.", "It is generally accepted that oceans cover 70 percent of the Earth.", "While Christopher Columbus was long regarded as the discoverer of the North American continent, many historians no longer think this is true.

Columbus first made landfall in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492, but the Vikings may have discovered the North American continent as early as A.D. 1000.", "Cape Horn is not the southernmost tip of the South American continent.

Cape Horn is on the island of Tierra del Fuego. Fuerte Bulnes, which is almost nearly 250 kilometers further north, is the actual tip of the continent.", "If a ship wants to enter the Panama Canal from the West, it must be in the Atlantic Ocean because the eastern end of the canal empties into the Pacific Ocean.", "The city of Mount Isa on the continent of Australia covers an area that is about equal to the size of Switzerland.", "Australia's 'dingo fence' is the longest fence in the world.

It is about twice as long as the Great Wall of China.", "Tourists who want to drive around the Australian continent should make sure they travel in a counter-clockwise direction, since this route is about 900 meters shorter than clockwise.", "Australia has the lowest population density of any country in the world, two people per square kilometer.

Australia has an area of about 7,600,000 square kilometers, which is big enough to include all of Europe, plus Turkey and Scandinavia. Australia has more beaches than any other country, about 7,000 of them. ", "Ten of the world's 25 largest islands are in Asia.

These include Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Sumatra, Java, and Sri Lanka.", "Coffee was introduced to Europe by the Turks, who also introduced tulips to the Dutch.", "Saigon has the second-highest number of Catholics on the Asian continent.", "The Southern Ocean is one of the richest marine ecosystems in the world. It has three basic water masses: Antarctic surface water, circumpolar deep water, and Antarctic bottom water. The boundaries between these water masses tend to be sharp.", "Australia is the world's smallest continent.", "Angel Falls in Venezuela is the highest waterfall on the South American continent.", "No wars have ever been fought on Antarctica.

No other continent can claim this distinction.", "The continents of North America and Europe move apart at a rate of about 0.8 inches every year.

Scientists use a space satellite mirror that reflects laser beams sent between the continents and triangulation to determine how far the continents have drifted during a year. ", "Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, and it has the second-largest population.

Its area covers almost six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.3% of the total land area. As of 2005, African had over 840,000,000 people in 61 territories, accounting for more than 12% of the world's human population.", "Lake Superior in Minnesota has a surface area of 32,000 square miles.

It is larger than the country of Panama in South America. ", "Asia has an area of about 19,189277 square miles and covers about 60 percent of Earth's total land area.

It has nearly four billion human inhabitants, or about 60 percent of the world's population. In 2004, Seven of the ten most populated countries were in Asia.", "The 'continent' of Australia/Oceania is a somewhat artificial construct that is designed to link the continental landmass of Australia with a large number of islands that are scattered widely across the Pacific Ocean.", "The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the Southern Hemisphere and is the world's smallest continent.

It includes a number of islands in the Southern, Indian and Pacific Oceans.", "About 85% of flowering plants on the Australian continent are endemic, meaning they are exclusively native to that place.

Additionally, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic. ", "The 'outback' of Australia refers to the remote and usually semi-arid interior of the continent, but the term is also used colloquially to mean any lands outside of the main urban areas.

'Outback' describes areas that are comparatively more remote than deemed 'the bush'. The outback does not officially exist within any governmental framework or boundaries.", "When the term 'continent' is used without clarification by a speaker of British English, it means 'Continental Europe,' that is, Europe excluding the British Isles.", "In the mid 1600s, Peter Heylin wrote that 'A Continent is a great quantity of Land, not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World, as the whole Continent of Europe, Asia, Africa.'

As late as 1727, however, Ephraim Chambers wrote 'The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents: the old and the new.'", "The southern supercontinent called Gondwana included most of the landmasses that currently make up the continents of the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Australia-New Guinea and New Zealand.

In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass that comprises more than one continental core, or craton. The assembly of cratons and accreted terranes that form Eurasia is considered a supercontinent today. Paleogeographers generally use the term to refer to a single landmass that consists of all the modern continents. The earliest known supercontinent was called Rodinia, and it broke up about 750 million years ago.", "The Indian subcontinent is a peninsular landmass of the Asian continent.

This area is called a 'subcontinent' because its geography, geology, and culture are distinct from the rest of the continent. Geographically, the Indian subcontinent can be divided into the following regions: the Himalayas, the Deccan Plateau, and the Indian Ocean states.", "The word 'asia' comes from the Ancient Greek The name is used by Herodotus in about 440 BC and refers to Asia Minor or the Persian Empire. Herodotus notes that he is puzzled about why three different women's names are used to describe a single land mass: Europa, Asia, and Libya (referring to Africa).", "Europe is generally considered one of the seven continents of Earth.

In this case, however, this distinction is more cultural and political than physiographic, which leads to some dispute about Europe's actual borders. Geologically, Europe is a subcontinent, or large peninsula, that forms the westernmost part of Eurasia. The Urals are usually considered the geographical and tectonic landmark that separates Europe from Asia.", "Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas, the two largest of which are 'mainland' Europe and Scandinavia.

Three smaller peninsulas (Iberia, Italy and the Balkans) emerge from the southern edge of the mainland into the Mediterranean Sea.", "South and North America are sometimes considered a single continent, or a supercontinent, while some of their regions are sometimes considered subcontinents.

Geopolitically, all of Panama is often considered a part of North America.", "The South American continent includes various islands, most of which belong to countries on the continent.

The Caribbean territories are grouped with North America. ", "The Pacific Ocean gets its name from the Latin Mare Pacificum, or 'peaceful sea.'

It was named by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, and is the largest body of water in the world. It covers about one-third of the Earth's surface with an area of 69.4 million square miles.", "There are many seas along the Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins.

The largest include the Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and Yellow Sea.~ ~While named 'peaceful sea,' the Pacific is not always peaceful. The islands of the Pacific suffer many typhoons and hurricanes, and tsunamis, which result from underwater earthquakes, have wiped out entire towns.", "The bottom of the Marianas Trench, at the Challenger Deep, is further below sea level than Mount Everest is above it.

The trench has a maximum depth of 35,798 feet below sea level, or about 3949.1 miles from the center of the Earth.", "The HMS Challenger was a survey ship of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. and commissioned in 1932.

She circumnavigated the world from 1950 to 1953 and during this mission, in 1951, that Challenger surveyed the Mariana Trench and identified the deepest known point in the oceans. This point was named the 'Challenger Deep' as a result of the survey.", "Africa is the oldest inhabited territory on earth.

The human species originated from this continent. In the middle of the 20th century, anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as seven million years ago. ", "The coastline of Africa is 16,100 miles) long.

The absence of any deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only 3,760,000 square miles, has a coastline of 19,800 miles.", "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest body of water in the world.

It covers about 20% of the Earth's water surface and is important a transit route between Asia and Africa. This has made it a scene of frequent conflict, but because of its size, no nation successfully dominated there until the early 1800s, when Britain controlled much of the surrounding land. ", "The Indian Ocean is so warm that the production of phytoplankton is low.

Except along its northern edges and a few scattered spots elsewhere, life in the ocean is thus limited.", "The Diamantina Trench is a deep sea trench in the South East Indian Basin.

It has a maximum depth of 8,047 meters and is the deepest trench of the Indian Ocean,", "The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at on December 26, 2004.

It triggered a series of deadly tsunamis that spread throughout the Indian Ocean and killed many people and devastated coastal communities in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and elsewhere. At between 9.1 and 9.3, it was the second-largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph.", "The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceans.

Oceanographers often call it the 'Arctic Mediterranean Sea', classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Much of it is covered by sea ice. It occupies a roughly circular basin and an area of about 5,440,000 square miles. This is slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the U.S.", "The greatest inflow of water to the Arctic Ocean comes from the Atlantic by way of the Norwegian Current, which then flows along the Eurasian coast.

Water also enters from the Pacific via the Bering Strait. The East Greenland Current carries the major outflow. Temperature and salinity vary according to season as the ice cover melts and freezes.", "A 'mediterranean sea', in oceanographic terms, is a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of deep water with the outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences instead of by winds.", "The Arctic Ocean is important as the shortest air route between the Pacific coast of North America and Europe.", "While the Atlantic Ocean is second in size to the Pacific, the land area that drains into the Atlantic is four times greater than that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans.", "The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mostly underwater mountain range of the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean that runs from about 333 km south of the North Pole to the sub-antarctic Bouvet Island.

The highest peaks of this mountain range extend above the water mark and form islands.", "Eighty to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean.

Though over half of Europe's original forests have disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one-quarter of its land area in forest.", "Nearly all of Europe was settled before or during the last Ice Age about 10,000 years ago.

Europe has one of the lowest inbreeding rates in the world because of its extensive transport network paired with open borders. Europe had over 600 million people before the end of the 20th century.", "Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula and forms the westernmost part of Eurasia.

A peninsula is geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides.", "The mean elevation of the Asian continent is 3,117 ft., the highest of any in the world.

The plateau and mountainous areas broadly sweep SW-NW across Asia, climaxing in the high Tibetan Plateau, rising to the highest peaks in the world in the Himalayas.", "In addition to the mainland, Asia includes a large number of islands, including some of the world's most populated.

The Asian nations of Indonesia, Brunei, East Timor, Singapore, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Cyprus are solely made up of one or more islands and have no territory on the mainland.", "The North American Plate is a tectonic plate covering most of North America.

The surface of the Earth consists of ten major tectonic plates and many more minor ones. The plates are about 60 miles thick and consist either of oceanic crust, also called sima from silicon and magnesium, and continental crust, or sial from silicon and aluminum.", "Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water.

Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle where there are no continents. In this view, there are three 'oceans' today: the World Ocean and the Black and Caspian Seas", "The word 'ocean' comes from Okeanos, which is Greek for river.

The ancient Greeks noticed that a strong current flowed off Gibraltar and assumed it was a great river. Oceans cover almost three-quarters of the surface of the Earth. This global, interconnected body of salt water is called the World Ocean and is generally divided by the continents and archipelagos into several smaller oceans.", "There are thought to have been two primary sources for the primordial water that formed Earth's oceans.

One is out-gassing of steam from the Earth's interior, which contributed to the atmosphere and, once the planet had sufficiently cooled, produced rain. The other is the large numbers of comets that collided with the Earth and added their water to it.", "Ocean currents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, where they can be carried inland by winds.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent and influences the area's climate. It also connects currents in several oceans.", "The Southern Ocean's very cold water allows more oxygen to dissolve in the sea, making it advantageous for marine life.", "The Antarctic supports a much larger seal population than does the Arctic because of its larger and more productive feeding areas and lack of native predators.", "The Pacific Ocean is surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity.

This is sometimes called the 'Pacific Ring of Fire.'", "The Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean.", "In 1996, over 60% of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean.", "The term 'mangrove' usually describes plants that live in muddy, wet soil in tropical or subtropical tidal waters.

There are approximately 70 species of true mangroves, of which some 65 contribute significantly to the structure of mangrove forests. About 15 species occur in South-East Asia, about 15 occur in Africa, and approximately ten species occur in the America.", "The Mid-Oceanic Ridge is a broad, underwater mountain range that extends from Asia to Antarctica and divides the Indian Ocean into three major sections-the African, Antardis, and Australasian.

The ridge rises to an average height of c.10,000 ft. Some of its peaks emerge as islands.", "The Northern European Lowlands are a geomorphological region in Europe. They consist of the low plains between the Central European Highlands to the south and the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the north.

Their elevation is between 0 and 656 feet. While mostly used as farmland, the region also contains bogs, heath, and lakes. ", "The E9 European Coastal Path, or Sentier Européen du Littoral, is a very long coastal footpath that runs for 3125 miles from Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal to Narva-Jõesuu in Estonia.

The path follows the west coasts of Portugal, Spain and France as far as Roscoff.", "The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean that is almost completely enclosed by land.

It is bounded on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It has an area of about 965 000 square miles.", "Other than Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent in the world.

About 35% of the continent receives so little rain that it is effectively desert. The total desert area represents about 18% of the total mainland area of Australia.", "Formerly called Ayers Rock, Uluru, on the Australian continent, is a massive monolithic sandstone rock that covers an area of 3.3 square km and measures 9.4 km around its base. It rises 345 m above the plains and is believed to extend several kilometers below the surface as well.", "Australia is the lowest continent in the world.

It has an average elevation of only 330 m. The highest points on the other continents are all over than twice the height of Mount Kosciuszko, its highest peak. The world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, is almost four times as high.", "Christmas Island, which is part of Australia, is famous the annual red crab migration, which has been called one of the wonders of the natural world.

Every year, 100 million red crabs migrate to the sea during the monsoon rains to lay their eggs. Three weeks later, millions of baby crabs return, en masse, via the precise route taken previously by their mothers."];